TV Commercials: The Cable Age Classics I DVD, Download, USB Drive
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Years In The Making! 97 Minutes Of 142 Classic TV Commercials From The Golden Age Of Cable TV Era Of 1984 To 1990, Presented In The Highest DVD Quality MPG Video Format Of 9.1 MBPS As An Archival Quality All Regions Format DVD, MP4 Video Download Or USB Flash Drive! #TVCommercials #TelevisionCommercials #Commercials #TVCs #TVAdvertising #TelevisionAdvertising #Advertising #Television #TV #DVD #VideoDownload #MP4 #USBFlashDrive
Contents:
AT&T PCs
AT&T: The Right Choice
Bowcraft Amusement Park
The Club Auto Anti-Theft Device
Tiffany's To Go Restaurant In Union
Tom Kean: New Jersey And You
The Ford Aerostar
Rice-A-Roni Savory Classics
Touch Of Scent Air Freshener
A&E's Screening Room
George Bush For President 1988 Ad #1
New Ford Probe GT
E.T.: The Extraterrestrial Comes To Video Cassette In Time For The Christmas Holidays
Marsha Mason For A&E Shortstories
Discover Alaska
A&E Cable Network ID #1
Pitney Bowes Facsimile Systems
Scotts Liquid Gold Foaming Glass Cleaner
A&E Showcase
Sheer Indulgence Panty Hose
Holland America Line Ocean Liners
Sunsweet Prune Juice Ad #1
Social Security: How It Works For You Free Pamphlet
A&E Cable Network Ad #1
AT&T Reach Out America Mime Commercial
A&E Biographies
George Bush For President 1988 Ad #2
A&E Cable Network ID #2
A&E Preview: Stranger Than Paradise
Sunsweet Prune Juice Ad #2
1989 Memory Calendar
Leukemia Society Of America
Vanity Fair TV Show
BMW Automabiles
Cadbury Easter Bunny Try-Outs
Viadent Tooth Paste And Mouth Rinse
Nuveen Tax-Free Investments
A&E Coming Up: Brit Wit, Rising Damp
Schmiede Tree Service Ad #1
Channel 13 March Festival 1988 Ad #1
A&E Tonight: Footsteps Of Man, The Winter Of Our Discontent
A&E's Diamond Showcase: The Chieftains
Teledisc Presents Johnny Cash Complete Collection
The Winter Of Our Discontent Tonight On A&E
Spiegel Catalog: Shopping As Easy As Opening Your Front Door
Action-Cam 4-Lens Time-Lapse Camera
Pat Morita For Shriner's Hospitals
A&E Cable Network ID #3
Schmiede Tree Service Ad #2
Channel 13 March Festival 1988 Ad #2
Caroline's Comedy Hour
Gourmet Magazine
A&E Cable Network ID #4
Channel 13 March Festival 1988 Ad #3
Nets Ticket Giveaway Ad #1
Sports Illustrated Super Shape-Up Program With Elle Macpherson, Rachel Hunter And Cheryl Tiegs
Masters Of Mystery TV Show
Lenox Porcelain Spice Village
The American Red Cross: Please Give Blood
A&E Cable Network ID #5
Nets Ticket Giveaway Ad #2
Edward James Olmos For MADD Mothers Against Drunk Driving
NordicTrack
Alaska Seafood
Jergens Aloe & Lanolin Soap Bar
Sears Video Camcorder
Art & Antiques Magazine
A&E Program Sponsorship Ad: UPS, Wang
UPS Next Day Air Letter
Wang Computer Systems Ad #1
Audi Autombiles: The Alternate Route
The Discover Card Ad #1
Beef. Real Food For Madeline Kahn
The Discover Card Ad #2
The Audio 300 Sedan
Wang Computer Systems Ad #2
New Zealand: The Two Most Beautiful Islands In The World
Beef. Real Food For Reba McEntire
Beef. Real Food For Julia Louis-Dreyfus
Beef. Real Food For Lauren Bacall
A&E Coming Up: Screening Room
The A&E Program Guide #1
Mercury Cougar Autombile
The Discover Card Ad #3
Wang Computer Systems Ad #3
UPS: We Run The Tightest Ship In The Shipping Business
WNET-TV Channel 13 New York: The Ring Der Nibelungen Opera Cycle TV Special Series Ad
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark Station ID #1
Bowcraft Amuseument Park
Garden State Gallery: Campbell Soup Tureen Museum, Camden, New Jersey (1987)
WABC-TV Chennel 7 New York City: Late Night Movie Segue
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark: Late Night Movie Theme (1986)
WLIW-TV Channel 21 Long Island City: Cinema 21 Opening Theme
Cinemax 1987 Thanksgiving Seque (Note Sign For Tick Tock Diner In Clifton New Jersey At End)
Cinemax Special Opening (1987)
Crazy Eddie TV Ad (1988)
Discovery Channel Show Beginning Segue Theme (1990)
WNEW-TV Channel 5 New York City: East Side Comedy Opening Theme
WNEW-TV Channel 5 New York City: East Side Comedy Interstitial Segue
WNEW-TV Channel 5 New York City: East Side Comedy Closing Segue
Joe Flaherty Cinemax Sales Spot (1987)
Cinemax Real Buddy Holly Story Promo With Paul McCartney (1987)
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark: Hate Busters Segments: Black & Jew, Prejudice Against Blacks, Lovely Blind Hispanic Girl, Gay Man, Lovely Girl On Crutches, Idealistic Risk, The Human Race (With WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark Segue Beginning)
CNN Headline News: Closing Theme With Bobbie Baptista (1987)
IBM Technology At Work: The Deaf (1989)
IBM Technology At Work: The Earth's Crust (1989)
Lifecall ("I've Fallen And I Can't Get Up!") (1987)
Palmer Video (1989)
PBS Closing Theme (1977)
Queen City Pontiac-GMC Greenbrook New Jersey (1989)
Reidel Pontiac Edison New Jersey (1989)
A&E Silver Screen Movie Showcase Opening (1986)
Snow White and the Three Stooges Trailer
The Grand Knockout Charity Tournament With Monty Python Alumni John Cleese And Michael Palin, Jane Seymour, Christopher Reeves, British Royal Family Members Such As Duchess Of York And More (1989)
USA Network: Thursday Night Fights (1989)
Mr. Clean (1989)
New Era Laundry Detergent (1989)
Cascade Automatic Dishwasher Detergent (1989)
Scope: Big Story (1989)
Ivory Dishwashing Detergent (1989)
Crest Tartar Control Toothpaste (1989)
Cigarrest (1989)
TLC Commercial Segment Opening Segue: "I Can Not Live Without Books" - Thomas Jefferson (1990)
Veterans Life Insurance Company (1990)
The Wall Street Journal (1990)
Super Stitch (1990)
TLC: Played In The USA (1990)
Mello Gold 40 Hit Recordings (1990)
Instrumental Magic Movie Theme Recordings (1990)
Bill Buckley For The National Review With Tom Selleck (1990)
Pueblo Coloroda Pamphlet PSA (1990)
TLC Network ID: Caknubg Instrumental Interlude (1990)
Jack W. Patten Publisher Of Business Week Magazine (1990)
Bonzai Grill (1990)
Paul Harvey The Rest Of The Story VHS Video (1990)
World Yacht Cruises: New York's Royal Navy Elegant Dining (1989)
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark: Ingmar Bergan Fundraising Ad (1989) (With WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark Segue Beginning)
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark: Shelly Pinkowitz: Videotape Editor And Thirteen Member (1988)
WNYC-TV Channel 31 New York City: On-Air Promo Card (1989)
WNEW-TV Channel 5 New York City: "Life. Be In It" PSA - Feet (1984)
Woodbridge Dodge Woodbridge New Jersey (1989)
A Television Advertisement, also called a television commercial, commercial, advert, TV advert or simply an ad, is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization. It conveys a message promoting, and aiming to market, a product or service. Advertisers and marketers may refer to television commercials as TVCs. Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately-owned television networks. During the 2010s, the number of commercials has grown steadily, though the length of each commercial has diminished. Advertisements of this type have promoted a wide variety of goods, services, and ideas ever since the early days of the history of television. The viewership of television programming, as measured by companies such as Nielsen Media Research in the United States, or BARB in the UK, is often used as a metric for television advertisement placement, and consequently, for the rates which broadcasters charge to advertisers to air within a given network, television program, or time of day (called a "daypart"). In many countries, including the United States, television campaign advertisements are commonplace in a political campaign. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted, while some countries, such as Norway, completely ban political advertisements. The first official paid television advertisement came out in the United States on July 1, 1941, over New York station WNBT (subsequently WNBC) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from 4 to 9 USD (reports vary), displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase "Bulova Watch Time", appeared in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute. The first TV ad broadcast in the UK went on air on ITV on September 22, 1955, advertising Gibbs SR toothpaste. In Asia, the first TV ad broadcast appeared on Nippon Television in Tokyo on August 28, 1953, advertising Seikosha (subsequently Seiko); it also displayed a clock with the current time.
Cable Television began in the United States as a commercial business in 1950, although there were small-scale systems by hobbyists in the 1940s. The early systems simply received weak (broadcast) channels, amplified them, and sent them over unshielded wires to the subscribers, limited to a community or to adjacent communities. The receiving antenna would be taller than any individual subscriber could afford, thus bringing in stronger signals; in hilly or mountainous terrain it would be placed at a high elevation. At the outset, cable systems only served smaller communities without television stations of their own, and which could not easily receive signals from stations in cities because of distance or hilly terrain. In Canada, however, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Rarely, as in the college town of Alfred, New York, U.S. cable systems retransmitted Canadian channels. As equipment improved, all twelve channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be a priority, but technology allowed low-priority signals to be placed on such channels by synchronizing their blanking intervals. TV's were unable to reconcile these blanking intervals and the slight changes to due to travel through a medium, causing ghosting. The bandwidth of the amplifiers also was limited, meaning frequencies over 250 MHz were difficult to transmit to distant portions of the coaxial network, and UHF channels could not be used at all. To expand beyond 12 channels, non-standard "midband" channels had to be used, located between the FM band and Channel 7, or "superband" beyond Channel 13 up to about 300 MHz; these channels initially were only accessible using separate tuner boxes that sent the chosen channel into the TV set on Channel 2, 3 or 4.[citation needed] Initially, UHF broadcast stations were at a disadvantage because the standard TV sets in use at the time we're unable to receive their channels. Around 1966 the FCC mandated that all TV sets sold after a certain date were required to have the capability of receiving UHF channels. Before being added to the cable box itself, these midband channels were used for early incarnations of pay TV, e.g. The Z Channel (Los Angeles) and HBO but transmitted in the clear i.e. not scrambled as standard TV sets of the period could not pick up the signal nor could the average consumer `de-tune' the normal stations to be able to receive it. Once tuners that could receive select mid-band and super-band channels began to be incorporated into standard television sets, broadcasters were forced to either install scrambling circuitry or move these signals further out of the range of reception for early cable-ready TVs and VCRs. However, once consumer sets had the ability to receive all 181 FCC allocated channels, premium broadcasters were left with no choice but to scramble. Unfortunately for pay-TV operators, the descrambling circuitry was often published in electronics hobby magazines such as Popular Science and Popular Electronics allowing anybody with anything more than a rudimentary knowledge of broadcast electronics to be able to build their own and receive the programming without cost. Later, the cable operators began to carry FM radio stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before stereo and bilingual TV sound became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups. About this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the "midband" and "superband" VHF channels adjacent to the "high band" 7-13 of North American television frequencies. Some operators as in Cornwall, Ontario, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2-13 on each of the two cables. During the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike public, educational, and government access (PEG) created the beginning of cable-originated live television programming. As cable penetration increased, numerous cable-only TV stations were launched, many with their own news bureaus that could provide more immediate and more localized content than that provided by the nearest network newscast. Such stations may use similar on-air branding as that used by the nearby broadcast network affiliate, but the fact that these stations do not broadcast over the air and are not regulated by the FCC, their call signs are meaningless. These stations evolved partially into today's over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e.g. NBS 37* would - in the case of no local CNB or ABS station being available - rebroadcast the programming from a nearby affiliate but fill in with its own news and other community programming to suit its own locale. Many live local programs with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major television markets in the early 1980s. This evolved into today's many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced television movies and miniseries. Cable specialty channels, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and "narrowcasting" became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, some of which by this time had expanded beyond 35 channels.
Years In The Making! 97 Minutes Of 142 Classic TV Commercials From The Golden Age Of Cable TV Era Of 1984 To 1990, Presented In The Highest DVD Quality MPG Video Format Of 9.1 MBPS As An Archival Quality All Regions Format DVD, MP4 Video Download Or USB Flash Drive! #TVCommercials #TelevisionCommercials #Commercials #TVCs #TVAdvertising #TelevisionAdvertising #Advertising #Television #TV #DVD #VideoDownload #MP4 #USBFlashDrive
Contents:
AT&T PCs
AT&T: The Right Choice
Bowcraft Amusement Park
The Club Auto Anti-Theft Device
Tiffany's To Go Restaurant In Union
Tom Kean: New Jersey And You
The Ford Aerostar
Rice-A-Roni Savory Classics
Touch Of Scent Air Freshener
A&E's Screening Room
George Bush For President 1988 Ad #1
New Ford Probe GT
E.T.: The Extraterrestrial Comes To Video Cassette In Time For The Christmas Holidays
Marsha Mason For A&E Shortstories
Discover Alaska
A&E Cable Network ID #1
Pitney Bowes Facsimile Systems
Scotts Liquid Gold Foaming Glass Cleaner
A&E Showcase
Sheer Indulgence Panty Hose
Holland America Line Ocean Liners
Sunsweet Prune Juice Ad #1
Social Security: How It Works For You Free Pamphlet
A&E Cable Network Ad #1
AT&T Reach Out America Mime Commercial
A&E Biographies
George Bush For President 1988 Ad #2
A&E Cable Network ID #2
A&E Preview: Stranger Than Paradise
Sunsweet Prune Juice Ad #2
1989 Memory Calendar
Leukemia Society Of America
Vanity Fair TV Show
BMW Automabiles
Cadbury Easter Bunny Try-Outs
Viadent Tooth Paste And Mouth Rinse
Nuveen Tax-Free Investments
A&E Coming Up: Brit Wit, Rising Damp
Schmiede Tree Service Ad #1
Channel 13 March Festival 1988 Ad #1
A&E Tonight: Footsteps Of Man, The Winter Of Our Discontent
A&E's Diamond Showcase: The Chieftains
Teledisc Presents Johnny Cash Complete Collection
The Winter Of Our Discontent Tonight On A&E
Spiegel Catalog: Shopping As Easy As Opening Your Front Door
Action-Cam 4-Lens Time-Lapse Camera
Pat Morita For Shriner's Hospitals
A&E Cable Network ID #3
Schmiede Tree Service Ad #2
Channel 13 March Festival 1988 Ad #2
Caroline's Comedy Hour
Gourmet Magazine
A&E Cable Network ID #4
Channel 13 March Festival 1988 Ad #3
Nets Ticket Giveaway Ad #1
Sports Illustrated Super Shape-Up Program With Elle Macpherson, Rachel Hunter And Cheryl Tiegs
Masters Of Mystery TV Show
Lenox Porcelain Spice Village
The American Red Cross: Please Give Blood
A&E Cable Network ID #5
Nets Ticket Giveaway Ad #2
Edward James Olmos For MADD Mothers Against Drunk Driving
NordicTrack
Alaska Seafood
Jergens Aloe & Lanolin Soap Bar
Sears Video Camcorder
Art & Antiques Magazine
A&E Program Sponsorship Ad: UPS, Wang
UPS Next Day Air Letter
Wang Computer Systems Ad #1
Audi Autombiles: The Alternate Route
The Discover Card Ad #1
Beef. Real Food For Madeline Kahn
The Discover Card Ad #2
The Audio 300 Sedan
Wang Computer Systems Ad #2
New Zealand: The Two Most Beautiful Islands In The World
Beef. Real Food For Reba McEntire
Beef. Real Food For Julia Louis-Dreyfus
Beef. Real Food For Lauren Bacall
A&E Coming Up: Screening Room
The A&E Program Guide #1
Mercury Cougar Autombile
The Discover Card Ad #3
Wang Computer Systems Ad #3
UPS: We Run The Tightest Ship In The Shipping Business
WNET-TV Channel 13 New York: The Ring Der Nibelungen Opera Cycle TV Special Series Ad
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark Station ID #1
Bowcraft Amuseument Park
Garden State Gallery: Campbell Soup Tureen Museum, Camden, New Jersey (1987)
WABC-TV Chennel 7 New York City: Late Night Movie Segue
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark: Late Night Movie Theme (1986)
WLIW-TV Channel 21 Long Island City: Cinema 21 Opening Theme
Cinemax 1987 Thanksgiving Seque (Note Sign For Tick Tock Diner In Clifton New Jersey At End)
Cinemax Special Opening (1987)
Crazy Eddie TV Ad (1988)
Discovery Channel Show Beginning Segue Theme (1990)
WNEW-TV Channel 5 New York City: East Side Comedy Opening Theme
WNEW-TV Channel 5 New York City: East Side Comedy Interstitial Segue
WNEW-TV Channel 5 New York City: East Side Comedy Closing Segue
Joe Flaherty Cinemax Sales Spot (1987)
Cinemax Real Buddy Holly Story Promo With Paul McCartney (1987)
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark: Hate Busters Segments: Black & Jew, Prejudice Against Blacks, Lovely Blind Hispanic Girl, Gay Man, Lovely Girl On Crutches, Idealistic Risk, The Human Race (With WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark Segue Beginning)
CNN Headline News: Closing Theme With Bobbie Baptista (1987)
IBM Technology At Work: The Deaf (1989)
IBM Technology At Work: The Earth's Crust (1989)
Lifecall ("I've Fallen And I Can't Get Up!") (1987)
Palmer Video (1989)
PBS Closing Theme (1977)
Queen City Pontiac-GMC Greenbrook New Jersey (1989)
Reidel Pontiac Edison New Jersey (1989)
A&E Silver Screen Movie Showcase Opening (1986)
Snow White and the Three Stooges Trailer
The Grand Knockout Charity Tournament With Monty Python Alumni John Cleese And Michael Palin, Jane Seymour, Christopher Reeves, British Royal Family Members Such As Duchess Of York And More (1989)
USA Network: Thursday Night Fights (1989)
Mr. Clean (1989)
New Era Laundry Detergent (1989)
Cascade Automatic Dishwasher Detergent (1989)
Scope: Big Story (1989)
Ivory Dishwashing Detergent (1989)
Crest Tartar Control Toothpaste (1989)
Cigarrest (1989)
TLC Commercial Segment Opening Segue: "I Can Not Live Without Books" - Thomas Jefferson (1990)
Veterans Life Insurance Company (1990)
The Wall Street Journal (1990)
Super Stitch (1990)
TLC: Played In The USA (1990)
Mello Gold 40 Hit Recordings (1990)
Instrumental Magic Movie Theme Recordings (1990)
Bill Buckley For The National Review With Tom Selleck (1990)
Pueblo Coloroda Pamphlet PSA (1990)
TLC Network ID: Caknubg Instrumental Interlude (1990)
Jack W. Patten Publisher Of Business Week Magazine (1990)
Bonzai Grill (1990)
Paul Harvey The Rest Of The Story VHS Video (1990)
World Yacht Cruises: New York's Royal Navy Elegant Dining (1989)
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark: Ingmar Bergan Fundraising Ad (1989) (With WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark Segue Beginning)
WNET-TV Channel 13 Newark: Shelly Pinkowitz: Videotape Editor And Thirteen Member (1988)
WNYC-TV Channel 31 New York City: On-Air Promo Card (1989)
WNEW-TV Channel 5 New York City: "Life. Be In It" PSA - Feet (1984)
Woodbridge Dodge Woodbridge New Jersey (1989)
A Television Advertisement, also called a television commercial, commercial, advert, TV advert or simply an ad, is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization. It conveys a message promoting, and aiming to market, a product or service. Advertisers and marketers may refer to television commercials as TVCs. Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately-owned television networks. During the 2010s, the number of commercials has grown steadily, though the length of each commercial has diminished. Advertisements of this type have promoted a wide variety of goods, services, and ideas ever since the early days of the history of television. The viewership of television programming, as measured by companies such as Nielsen Media Research in the United States, or BARB in the UK, is often used as a metric for television advertisement placement, and consequently, for the rates which broadcasters charge to advertisers to air within a given network, television program, or time of day (called a "daypart"). In many countries, including the United States, television campaign advertisements are commonplace in a political campaign. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted, while some countries, such as Norway, completely ban political advertisements. The first official paid television advertisement came out in the United States on July 1, 1941, over New York station WNBT (subsequently WNBC) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from 4 to 9 USD (reports vary), displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase "Bulova Watch Time", appeared in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute. The first TV ad broadcast in the UK went on air on ITV on September 22, 1955, advertising Gibbs SR toothpaste. In Asia, the first TV ad broadcast appeared on Nippon Television in Tokyo on August 28, 1953, advertising Seikosha (subsequently Seiko); it also displayed a clock with the current time.
Cable Television began in the United States as a commercial business in 1950, although there were small-scale systems by hobbyists in the 1940s. The early systems simply received weak (broadcast) channels, amplified them, and sent them over unshielded wires to the subscribers, limited to a community or to adjacent communities. The receiving antenna would be taller than any individual subscriber could afford, thus bringing in stronger signals; in hilly or mountainous terrain it would be placed at a high elevation. At the outset, cable systems only served smaller communities without television stations of their own, and which could not easily receive signals from stations in cities because of distance or hilly terrain. In Canada, however, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Rarely, as in the college town of Alfred, New York, U.S. cable systems retransmitted Canadian channels. As equipment improved, all twelve channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be a priority, but technology allowed low-priority signals to be placed on such channels by synchronizing their blanking intervals. TV's were unable to reconcile these blanking intervals and the slight changes to due to travel through a medium, causing ghosting. The bandwidth of the amplifiers also was limited, meaning frequencies over 250 MHz were difficult to transmit to distant portions of the coaxial network, and UHF channels could not be used at all. To expand beyond 12 channels, non-standard "midband" channels had to be used, located between the FM band and Channel 7, or "superband" beyond Channel 13 up to about 300 MHz; these channels initially were only accessible using separate tuner boxes that sent the chosen channel into the TV set on Channel 2, 3 or 4.[citation needed] Initially, UHF broadcast stations were at a disadvantage because the standard TV sets in use at the time we're unable to receive their channels. Around 1966 the FCC mandated that all TV sets sold after a certain date were required to have the capability of receiving UHF channels. Before being added to the cable box itself, these midband channels were used for early incarnations of pay TV, e.g. The Z Channel (Los Angeles) and HBO but transmitted in the clear i.e. not scrambled as standard TV sets of the period could not pick up the signal nor could the average consumer `de-tune' the normal stations to be able to receive it. Once tuners that could receive select mid-band and super-band channels began to be incorporated into standard television sets, broadcasters were forced to either install scrambling circuitry or move these signals further out of the range of reception for early cable-ready TVs and VCRs. However, once consumer sets had the ability to receive all 181 FCC allocated channels, premium broadcasters were left with no choice but to scramble. Unfortunately for pay-TV operators, the descrambling circuitry was often published in electronics hobby magazines such as Popular Science and Popular Electronics allowing anybody with anything more than a rudimentary knowledge of broadcast electronics to be able to build their own and receive the programming without cost. Later, the cable operators began to carry FM radio stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before stereo and bilingual TV sound became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups. About this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the "midband" and "superband" VHF channels adjacent to the "high band" 7-13 of North American television frequencies. Some operators as in Cornwall, Ontario, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2-13 on each of the two cables. During the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike public, educational, and government access (PEG) created the beginning of cable-originated live television programming. As cable penetration increased, numerous cable-only TV stations were launched, many with their own news bureaus that could provide more immediate and more localized content than that provided by the nearest network newscast. Such stations may use similar on-air branding as that used by the nearby broadcast network affiliate, but the fact that these stations do not broadcast over the air and are not regulated by the FCC, their call signs are meaningless. These stations evolved partially into today's over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e.g. NBS 37* would - in the case of no local CNB or ABS station being available - rebroadcast the programming from a nearby affiliate but fill in with its own news and other community programming to suit its own locale. Many live local programs with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major television markets in the early 1980s. This evolved into today's many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced television movies and miniseries. Cable specialty channels, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and "narrowcasting" became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, some of which by this time had expanded beyond 35 channels.