CIA The Secret Files The Central Intelligence Agency TV Series MP4 DVD
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The Most Revealing Look Inside The Central Intelligence Agency That Had Yet Been Conducted, Showcased In A Four Part TV Documentary Series Hosted By Jack Perkins, Featuring Exclusive Interviews With The Those Chiefly Responsible For The Events Described, Some Of Whom Have Only Given Such Interviews In This Landmark Television Series, Presented In The Highest DVD Quality MPG Video Format Of 9.1 MBPS In An MP4 Video Download Or Archival Quality 2 Disc All Regions Format DVD Set! (Color, 1994, 4 Episodes Of 49 Minutes Each.) #CIATheSecretFiles #JackPerkins #CIA #CentralIntelligenceAgency #USIntelligence #Intelligence #CounterIntelligence #USEspionage #Espionage #ColdWar #Ike #JFK#LBJ #RichardNixon #GeraldFord #JimmyCarter #RonaldReagan #GeorgeHWBush #FidelCastro #TheEnterprise #IranContraScandal #KGB #RedArmy #Moles #CIAChiefs #CIAAgents #CIAOfficers #SovietAnalysts #CIACaseOfficers #TomPolgar #WilliamSloaneCoffin #MikhailKudryatsevev #NikolaiKhokhlov #HorstMaennchen #DinoBrugioni #VictorMarchetti #LeonidShugajev #EduardFeldblum #ArthurLundahl #RayCline #RichardHelms #WilliamColby #StansfieldTurner #VladimirSemichastny #KarlKoecher #YuriKotov #WilliamWebster #TranNgocChau #RobertKomer #RalphMcGehee #NelsonBrickham #YoshiaChee #FrankSnepp #OrrinDeForest #JohnStockwell #TranBachDang #TranNgocHien #ExecutiveAction #ExecutiveActionsOfTheCIA #Assassinations #PoliticalAssassinations #CheGuevara #MaritaLorenz #FrankSturgis #RobertMaheu #RichardBissell #GraystonLynch #AngeloKennedy #AntonioVeciana #SamHalpern #TomClines #RolandoCubela #IsraelBehar #IsraelBeharDuenas #JohnTilton #FelixRodriguez #DinoPionzio #HortensiaBussiAllende #HortensiaAllende #RayWarren #NicaraguanContras #Contras #UnitedStatesIranRelations #RicardoWheelock #KimRoosevelt #KermitRoosevelt #RichardCottan #BruceOdell #GratianYatsevitch #JesseLeaf #DIA #DefenseIntelligenceAgency #TomSchaefer #HowardBane #AhmadAnsari #ManucherGanji #EdgarChamorro #MelvinGoodman #RobertGates #TV #Television #TVSeries #TelevisionSeries #Documentaries #DocumentarySeries #MP4 #VideoDownload #DVD
Contents:
VOLUME ONE:
Episode 1: High Tech, Low Cunning (The foundation of the agency at the beginning of the Cold War, and how intelligence pivoted emphasis from spies in the field to high tech spy craft up in the sky and under the ground [w/ CIA Chief of various bureaus Tom Polgar, CIA Officer (and later anti-Vietnam War activist) William Sloane Coffin, CIA Agent Mikhail Kudryatsevev, KGB Officer Nikolai Khokhlov, East German Electronic Counter Intelligence Officer Maj. General Horst Maennchen, CIA Photo Interpreter Dino Brugioni, CIA Soviet Analyst Victor Marchetti, Red Army Missile Division Maj. Leonid Shugajev, Red Arny Missile Division Sverdlovsk Lt. Eduard Feldblum, Chief CIA Photo Interpreter Arthur Lundahl, CIA Deputy Director Intelligence Ray Cline, CIA Director Richard Helms, CIA Director William Colby, CIA Director Stansfield Turner, KGB Chairman Vladimir Semichastny, CIA Agent Mole For The KBG Karl Koecher, KGB Counter Intelligence Col. Yuri Kotov, CIA Director William Webster, more]) #AntiCommunistRussians #NationalAllianceOfRussianSolidarists #NTS #GeorgiyOkolovich #Berlin #EastBerlin #Wiretapping #U2 #GaryPowers #1960U2Incident #Crateology #Photoanalysis #OlegPenkovsky #SR71 #SR71Blackbird #ReconnaisanceAircraft #EdwardLeeHoward #AdolfTolkachev
Episode 2: Phoenix Rising (The Phoenix Program, lasting from 1967 to 1972, designed to identify and destroy the Viet Cong (VC) during the Vietnam War via infiltration, counter-terrorism, interrogation, and assassination, but heavily criticized for the number of neutral civilians killed, for being a civilian assassination program, its use of torture and other coercive methods, and its exploition for collecting bounties and settling personal politics [w/CIA Director William Colby, South Vietnamese Phoenix Program Originator Lt. Col. Tran Ngoc Chau, CIA Phoenix Program Head Robert Komer, CIA Case Officer Ralph McGehee, CIA Officer Nelson Brickham, Provincial Reconnaissance Unit Officer Yoshia Chee, CIA Officer Frank Snepp, CIA Officer Orrin DeForest, CIA Base Chief John Stockwell, Saigon Viet Cong Leader Tran Bach Dang, Viet Cong Intelligence Officer Tran Ngoc Hien, Saigon CIA Station Chief Tom Polgar, more]) #PhoenixProgram #ProvincialReconnaissanceUnits #VietnamWar #SecondIndochinaWar #VietCong #ChurchCommittee #CaoDai #Caodaism
VOLUME TWO:
Episode 3: Executive Action (The Executive Actions Of The CIA, directives issued by the to assassinate political adversaries or foreign leaders, such as Fidel Castro, Che Guevara [w/ Fiance Of Fidel Castro turned CIA Agent Marita Lorenz, CIA Agent Frank Sturgis, CIA Agent Robert Maheu, CIA Operations Head Richard Bissell, CIA Agent Grayston Lynch, CIA Agent Angelo Kennedy, CIA Agent Antonio Veciana, CIA Agent Sam Halpern, Miami CIA Covert Operations Head Tom Clines, CIA Agent Rolando Cubela, Cuban Counterintelligence Agent Israel Behar (Israel Behar Duenas), Bolivia CIA Station Chief John Tilton, CIA Agent Felix Rodriguez, CIA Director Richard Helms, CIA Chilean Task Force Agent Dino Pionzio, Salvador Allende's widow Hortensia Bussi Allende, Chile CIA Station Chief Ray Warren, more]) #Mafia #CosaNostra #OrganizedCrime #SamGiancana #JohnRoselli #Assassinations #BayOfPigsInvasion #SalvadorAllende #1973ChileanCoupDEtat
Episode 4: Moving Targets (The Nicaraguan Contras and the complex and tortured history of United States-Iran Relations [w/ Sandinista Military Intelligence Head Ricardo Wheelock, Middle East CIA Head Kim Roosevelt (Kermit Roosevelt), CIA Officer In Tehran Richard Cottan, CIA Officer In Tehran Bruce Odell, Tehran CIA Station Chief Gratian Yatsevitch, CIA Iran Analyist Jesse Leaf, CIA Chief Stansfield Turner, Tehran DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) Chief Tom Schaefer, Hostage Task Force Intelligence Chief Howard Bane, Crown Prince Of Iran Reza Pahlavi's Assistant Ahmad Ansari, Iranian Flag Of Freedom Leader Manucher Ganji, CIA Agent Felix Rodriquez, Chief Contra Spokesman Edgar Chamorro, CIA Soviet Analyst Melvin Goodman, CIA Director Robert Gates, CIA Director William Colby, CIA Directory William Webster, more]) #Sandinistas #MohammadMosaddegh #MohammadRezaPahlavi #TheShah #ShahOfIran #SAVAK #IranContra #1953IranianCoup #AyatollahKhomeini #IranHostageCrisis #HostageTaskForce #CrownPrinceOfIran #RezaPahlavi #FlagOfFreedom
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and performing covert actions. As a principal member of the United States Intelligence Community (IC), the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the President and Cabinet of the United States. President Harry S. Truman had created the Central Intelligence Group under the direction of a Director of Central Intelligence by presidential directive on January 22, 1946, and this group was transformed into the Central Intelligence Agency by implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is officially mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic intelligence collection. The CIA serves as the national manager for the coordination of HUMINT activities across the U.S. intelligence community. It is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action at the behest of the President. It exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Center. The CIA was also instrumental in establishing intelligence services in several U.S. allied countries, such as Germany's BND. It has also provided support to many foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, training in torture, and technical support. It was involved in carrying out several regime changes, terrorist attacks, and planned assassinations of foreign leaders. Since 2004 the CIA is organized under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size as a response to the September 11 attacks. In 2013, The Washington Post reported that in the fiscal year 2010, the CIA had the largest budget of all IC agencies, exceeding previous estimates. The CIA has increasingly expanded its role, including covert paramilitary operations. One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has officially shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations. The agency has been the subject of many controversies, including human rights violations, domestic wiretapping and propaganda, and allegations of drug trafficking. It has also appeared in works of fiction, including books, films and video games.
Espionage, also known as spying or intelligence gathering, is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information. A person who commits espionage is called an espionage agent or spy. Any individual or spy ring (a cooperating group of spies), in the service of a government, company or independent operation, can commit espionage. The practice is clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances, it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others, it may be illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term tends to be associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage. One of the most effective ways to gather data and information about a targeted organization is by infiltrating its ranks. This is the job of the spy (espionage agent). Spies can then return information such as the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the organization and influence them to provide further information or to defect. In times of crisis, spies steal technology and sabotage the enemy in various ways. Counterintelligence is the practice of thwarting enemy espionage and intelligence-gathering. Almost all nations have strict laws concerning espionage and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits gained through espionage are often so great that most governments and many large corporations make use of it.
A clandestine operation is an intelligence or military operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population or specific enemy forces. Until the 1970s, clandestine operations were primarily political in nature, generally aimed at assisting groups or nations favored by the sponsor. Examples include U.S. intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II. Today these operations are numerous and include technology-related clandestine operations. The bulk of clandestine operations are related to the gathering of intelligence, typically by both people (clandestine human intelligence) and by hidden sensors. Placement of underwater or land-based communications cable taps, cameras, microphones, traffic sensors, monitors such as sniffers, and similar systems require that the mission go undetected and unsuspected. Clandestine sensors may also be on unmanned underwater vehicles, reconnaissance (spy) satellites (such as Misty), low-observability unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or unmanned detectors (as in Operation Igloo White and its successors), or hand-placed by clandestine human operations. The terms clandestine and covert are not synonymous. As noted in the definition (which has been used by the United States and NATO since World War II) in a covert operation the identity of the sponsor is concealed, while in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed. Put differently, clandestine means "hidden", where the aim is for the operation to not be noticed at all. Covert means "deniable", such that if the operation is noticed, it is not attributed to a group. The term stealth refers both to a broad set of tactics aimed at providing and preserving the element of surprise and reducing enemy resistance. It can also be used to describe a set of technologies (stealth technology) to aid in those tactics. While secrecy and stealthiness are often desired in clandestine and covert operations, the terms secret and stealthy are not used to formally describe types of missions. Some operations may have both clandestine and covert aspects, such as the use of concealed remote sensors or human observers to direct artillery attacks and airstrikes. The attack is obviously overt (coming under attack alerts the target that he has been located by the enemy), but the targeting component (the exact method that was used to locate targets) can remain clandestine. In World War II, targets found through cryptanalysis of radio communication were attacked only if there had been aerial reconnaissance in the area, or, in the case of the shootdown of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, where the sighting could be attributed to the Coastwatchers. During the Vietnam War, trucks attacked on the Ho Chi Minh trail were completely unaware of some sensors, such as the airborne Black Crow device that sensed their ignition. They could also have been spotted by a clandestine human patrol. Harassing and interdiction (H&I) or free-fire zone rules can also cause a target to be hit for purely random reasons.
A covert operation is a military operation intended to conceal the identity of (or allow plausible denial by) the operation. Covert operations should not be confused with clandestine operations, which are performed in secret. Covert operations aim to secretly fulfill their mission objectives without anyone knowing who sponsored or carried out the operation, or in some cases, without anyone knowing that the operation has even occurred.
The Most Revealing Look Inside The Central Intelligence Agency That Had Yet Been Conducted, Showcased In A Four Part TV Documentary Series Hosted By Jack Perkins, Featuring Exclusive Interviews With The Those Chiefly Responsible For The Events Described, Some Of Whom Have Only Given Such Interviews In This Landmark Television Series, Presented In The Highest DVD Quality MPG Video Format Of 9.1 MBPS In An MP4 Video Download Or Archival Quality 2 Disc All Regions Format DVD Set! (Color, 1994, 4 Episodes Of 49 Minutes Each.) #CIATheSecretFiles #JackPerkins #CIA #CentralIntelligenceAgency #USIntelligence #Intelligence #CounterIntelligence #USEspionage #Espionage #ColdWar #Ike #JFK#LBJ #RichardNixon #GeraldFord #JimmyCarter #RonaldReagan #GeorgeHWBush #FidelCastro #TheEnterprise #IranContraScandal #KGB #RedArmy #Moles #CIAChiefs #CIAAgents #CIAOfficers #SovietAnalysts #CIACaseOfficers #TomPolgar #WilliamSloaneCoffin #MikhailKudryatsevev #NikolaiKhokhlov #HorstMaennchen #DinoBrugioni #VictorMarchetti #LeonidShugajev #EduardFeldblum #ArthurLundahl #RayCline #RichardHelms #WilliamColby #StansfieldTurner #VladimirSemichastny #KarlKoecher #YuriKotov #WilliamWebster #TranNgocChau #RobertKomer #RalphMcGehee #NelsonBrickham #YoshiaChee #FrankSnepp #OrrinDeForest #JohnStockwell #TranBachDang #TranNgocHien #ExecutiveAction #ExecutiveActionsOfTheCIA #Assassinations #PoliticalAssassinations #CheGuevara #MaritaLorenz #FrankSturgis #RobertMaheu #RichardBissell #GraystonLynch #AngeloKennedy #AntonioVeciana #SamHalpern #TomClines #RolandoCubela #IsraelBehar #IsraelBeharDuenas #JohnTilton #FelixRodriguez #DinoPionzio #HortensiaBussiAllende #HortensiaAllende #RayWarren #NicaraguanContras #Contras #UnitedStatesIranRelations #RicardoWheelock #KimRoosevelt #KermitRoosevelt #RichardCottan #BruceOdell #GratianYatsevitch #JesseLeaf #DIA #DefenseIntelligenceAgency #TomSchaefer #HowardBane #AhmadAnsari #ManucherGanji #EdgarChamorro #MelvinGoodman #RobertGates #TV #Television #TVSeries #TelevisionSeries #Documentaries #DocumentarySeries #MP4 #VideoDownload #DVD
Contents:
VOLUME ONE:
Episode 1: High Tech, Low Cunning (The foundation of the agency at the beginning of the Cold War, and how intelligence pivoted emphasis from spies in the field to high tech spy craft up in the sky and under the ground [w/ CIA Chief of various bureaus Tom Polgar, CIA Officer (and later anti-Vietnam War activist) William Sloane Coffin, CIA Agent Mikhail Kudryatsevev, KGB Officer Nikolai Khokhlov, East German Electronic Counter Intelligence Officer Maj. General Horst Maennchen, CIA Photo Interpreter Dino Brugioni, CIA Soviet Analyst Victor Marchetti, Red Army Missile Division Maj. Leonid Shugajev, Red Arny Missile Division Sverdlovsk Lt. Eduard Feldblum, Chief CIA Photo Interpreter Arthur Lundahl, CIA Deputy Director Intelligence Ray Cline, CIA Director Richard Helms, CIA Director William Colby, CIA Director Stansfield Turner, KGB Chairman Vladimir Semichastny, CIA Agent Mole For The KBG Karl Koecher, KGB Counter Intelligence Col. Yuri Kotov, CIA Director William Webster, more]) #AntiCommunistRussians #NationalAllianceOfRussianSolidarists #NTS #GeorgiyOkolovich #Berlin #EastBerlin #Wiretapping #U2 #GaryPowers #1960U2Incident #Crateology #Photoanalysis #OlegPenkovsky #SR71 #SR71Blackbird #ReconnaisanceAircraft #EdwardLeeHoward #AdolfTolkachev
Episode 2: Phoenix Rising (The Phoenix Program, lasting from 1967 to 1972, designed to identify and destroy the Viet Cong (VC) during the Vietnam War via infiltration, counter-terrorism, interrogation, and assassination, but heavily criticized for the number of neutral civilians killed, for being a civilian assassination program, its use of torture and other coercive methods, and its exploition for collecting bounties and settling personal politics [w/CIA Director William Colby, South Vietnamese Phoenix Program Originator Lt. Col. Tran Ngoc Chau, CIA Phoenix Program Head Robert Komer, CIA Case Officer Ralph McGehee, CIA Officer Nelson Brickham, Provincial Reconnaissance Unit Officer Yoshia Chee, CIA Officer Frank Snepp, CIA Officer Orrin DeForest, CIA Base Chief John Stockwell, Saigon Viet Cong Leader Tran Bach Dang, Viet Cong Intelligence Officer Tran Ngoc Hien, Saigon CIA Station Chief Tom Polgar, more]) #PhoenixProgram #ProvincialReconnaissanceUnits #VietnamWar #SecondIndochinaWar #VietCong #ChurchCommittee #CaoDai #Caodaism
VOLUME TWO:
Episode 3: Executive Action (The Executive Actions Of The CIA, directives issued by the to assassinate political adversaries or foreign leaders, such as Fidel Castro, Che Guevara [w/ Fiance Of Fidel Castro turned CIA Agent Marita Lorenz, CIA Agent Frank Sturgis, CIA Agent Robert Maheu, CIA Operations Head Richard Bissell, CIA Agent Grayston Lynch, CIA Agent Angelo Kennedy, CIA Agent Antonio Veciana, CIA Agent Sam Halpern, Miami CIA Covert Operations Head Tom Clines, CIA Agent Rolando Cubela, Cuban Counterintelligence Agent Israel Behar (Israel Behar Duenas), Bolivia CIA Station Chief John Tilton, CIA Agent Felix Rodriguez, CIA Director Richard Helms, CIA Chilean Task Force Agent Dino Pionzio, Salvador Allende's widow Hortensia Bussi Allende, Chile CIA Station Chief Ray Warren, more]) #Mafia #CosaNostra #OrganizedCrime #SamGiancana #JohnRoselli #Assassinations #BayOfPigsInvasion #SalvadorAllende #1973ChileanCoupDEtat
Episode 4: Moving Targets (The Nicaraguan Contras and the complex and tortured history of United States-Iran Relations [w/ Sandinista Military Intelligence Head Ricardo Wheelock, Middle East CIA Head Kim Roosevelt (Kermit Roosevelt), CIA Officer In Tehran Richard Cottan, CIA Officer In Tehran Bruce Odell, Tehran CIA Station Chief Gratian Yatsevitch, CIA Iran Analyist Jesse Leaf, CIA Chief Stansfield Turner, Tehran DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) Chief Tom Schaefer, Hostage Task Force Intelligence Chief Howard Bane, Crown Prince Of Iran Reza Pahlavi's Assistant Ahmad Ansari, Iranian Flag Of Freedom Leader Manucher Ganji, CIA Agent Felix Rodriquez, Chief Contra Spokesman Edgar Chamorro, CIA Soviet Analyst Melvin Goodman, CIA Director Robert Gates, CIA Director William Colby, CIA Directory William Webster, more]) #Sandinistas #MohammadMosaddegh #MohammadRezaPahlavi #TheShah #ShahOfIran #SAVAK #IranContra #1953IranianCoup #AyatollahKhomeini #IranHostageCrisis #HostageTaskForce #CrownPrinceOfIran #RezaPahlavi #FlagOfFreedom
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and performing covert actions. As a principal member of the United States Intelligence Community (IC), the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is primarily focused on providing intelligence for the President and Cabinet of the United States. President Harry S. Truman had created the Central Intelligence Group under the direction of a Director of Central Intelligence by presidential directive on January 22, 1946, and this group was transformed into the Central Intelligence Agency by implementation of the National Security Act of 1947. Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is officially mainly focused on overseas intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic intelligence collection. The CIA serves as the national manager for the coordination of HUMINT activities across the U.S. intelligence community. It is the only agency authorized by law to carry out and oversee covert action at the behest of the President. It exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Center. The CIA was also instrumental in establishing intelligence services in several U.S. allied countries, such as Germany's BND. It has also provided support to many foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, training in torture, and technical support. It was involved in carrying out several regime changes, terrorist attacks, and planned assassinations of foreign leaders. Since 2004 the CIA is organized under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size as a response to the September 11 attacks. In 2013, The Washington Post reported that in the fiscal year 2010, the CIA had the largest budget of all IC agencies, exceeding previous estimates. The CIA has increasingly expanded its role, including covert paramilitary operations. One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has officially shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations. The agency has been the subject of many controversies, including human rights violations, domestic wiretapping and propaganda, and allegations of drug trafficking. It has also appeared in works of fiction, including books, films and video games.
Espionage, also known as spying or intelligence gathering, is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information from non-disclosed sources or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information. A person who commits espionage is called an espionage agent or spy. Any individual or spy ring (a cooperating group of spies), in the service of a government, company or independent operation, can commit espionage. The practice is clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances, it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others, it may be illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term tends to be associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage. One of the most effective ways to gather data and information about a targeted organization is by infiltrating its ranks. This is the job of the spy (espionage agent). Spies can then return information such as the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the organization and influence them to provide further information or to defect. In times of crisis, spies steal technology and sabotage the enemy in various ways. Counterintelligence is the practice of thwarting enemy espionage and intelligence-gathering. Almost all nations have strict laws concerning espionage and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits gained through espionage are often so great that most governments and many large corporations make use of it.
A clandestine operation is an intelligence or military operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population or specific enemy forces. Until the 1970s, clandestine operations were primarily political in nature, generally aimed at assisting groups or nations favored by the sponsor. Examples include U.S. intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II. Today these operations are numerous and include technology-related clandestine operations. The bulk of clandestine operations are related to the gathering of intelligence, typically by both people (clandestine human intelligence) and by hidden sensors. Placement of underwater or land-based communications cable taps, cameras, microphones, traffic sensors, monitors such as sniffers, and similar systems require that the mission go undetected and unsuspected. Clandestine sensors may also be on unmanned underwater vehicles, reconnaissance (spy) satellites (such as Misty), low-observability unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or unmanned detectors (as in Operation Igloo White and its successors), or hand-placed by clandestine human operations. The terms clandestine and covert are not synonymous. As noted in the definition (which has been used by the United States and NATO since World War II) in a covert operation the identity of the sponsor is concealed, while in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed. Put differently, clandestine means "hidden", where the aim is for the operation to not be noticed at all. Covert means "deniable", such that if the operation is noticed, it is not attributed to a group. The term stealth refers both to a broad set of tactics aimed at providing and preserving the element of surprise and reducing enemy resistance. It can also be used to describe a set of technologies (stealth technology) to aid in those tactics. While secrecy and stealthiness are often desired in clandestine and covert operations, the terms secret and stealthy are not used to formally describe types of missions. Some operations may have both clandestine and covert aspects, such as the use of concealed remote sensors or human observers to direct artillery attacks and airstrikes. The attack is obviously overt (coming under attack alerts the target that he has been located by the enemy), but the targeting component (the exact method that was used to locate targets) can remain clandestine. In World War II, targets found through cryptanalysis of radio communication were attacked only if there had been aerial reconnaissance in the area, or, in the case of the shootdown of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, where the sighting could be attributed to the Coastwatchers. During the Vietnam War, trucks attacked on the Ho Chi Minh trail were completely unaware of some sensors, such as the airborne Black Crow device that sensed their ignition. They could also have been spotted by a clandestine human patrol. Harassing and interdiction (H&I) or free-fire zone rules can also cause a target to be hit for purely random reasons.
A covert operation is a military operation intended to conceal the identity of (or allow plausible denial by) the operation. Covert operations should not be confused with clandestine operations, which are performed in secret. Covert operations aim to secretly fulfill their mission objectives without anyone knowing who sponsored or carried out the operation, or in some cases, without anyone knowing that the operation has even occurred.